Syllabus for written examination for PGT(CHEMISTRY)
1. Some
Basic concepts of Chemistry: Scope of
chemistry-
Historical approach to nature of matter - states of
matter, properties of matter and its measurement, S. I system of units,
Uncertainty in measurements, dimensional analysis, Laws of chemical
combination, atomic and molecular masses, Mole concept and molar masses,
percentage composition, empirical and molecular masses, equivalent weight,
concept of limiting reagent
2
States of
Matter: Gases, liquids and solids, three states of matter, types of
intermolecular forces.
The laws governing ideal gas behaviour, Dalton’s law
of partial pressure, Kinetic molecular theory of ideal gases, Maxwell Boltzmann
distribution law on molecular motion, real gases – deviation from ideal
behaviour, vander Waals equation.
Liquid and their
properties.
Solids:
Classification of solids, fundamental types of lattices, two and three
dimensional lattice types, Simple crystal structures, Transformation of crystal
structure on varying temperature, Bragg’s law, density in solids, energy band,
band gaps, semiconductors, magnetic and dielectric properties, stoichiometric
and non- stoichiometric defects in solids.
3
Structure
of Atom:Structure of Atom (Classical
Theory), Dalton’s atomic theory, Bohr’s model of atom, Structure of atom (modern theory), de Broglie’s relationship,
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principal, Classical wave equation, Schrödinger’s wave
equation, Probability distribution curve, Quantum numbers, Pauli’s exclusion
principle, Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity.
4
Equilibrium:
Reversible reactions, criteria of equilibrium, Law of mass action, equilibrium
constant, Kc and Kp , Le Chatelier principle, Ionic equilibrium, Ostwald’s
dilution Law, solution of acids, bases, ionic equilibria in solution, Common
ion effect – its application to qualitative analysis, acids and bases,
Bronsted- Lowry theory of acids and bases, Lewis concept of acid and bases,
relative strengths of acids and bases, their quantitative estimation, buffer
solution and its use, determination of pH, theories of indicators,
conductometric titration, Solubility product, hydrolysis.
5. Surface
Chemistry:Adsorption, absorption, sorption, Physical adsorption,
Chemisorption adsorption, isotherms ( Freundlich, Langmuir), application of
adsorption, types of Catalysis theories of catalysis, classification of
colloids, preparation of Colloidal Solution (lyophobic and lyophilic), Special
characteristics of colloidal solutions , electrophoresis, Precipitation of
colloids – Hardy Schulze law, multimolecular and macromolecular colloids,
Emulsion and Gels.
6
Chemical
Kinetics: Theories of reaction rates, rate of reaction , molecularity and
order of reaction, Fast reactions- Luminescence and energy transfer process,
reaction mechanisms(Simple and complex reactions).
7
Redox
Reaction and Electrochemistry: Oxidation and reduction, redox reaction and
its application, oxidation number, Strong and weak electrolytes, activity
coefficient, conductance and conductivity, Kohlrausch law, resistance and
resistivity molar conductivity, equivalent conductivity, Qualitative and
quantitative aspect of electrolysis, electrochemical cell and electrolytic
cell, Electrode and electrode potential and standard electrode potential,
Electrochemical series and its applications, Nernst equation and its
application, Equilibrium constant and EMF of the cell.
8
Solutions:Solution
and its types, expression of concentration of solution, solubility and factors
affecting the solubility of a solid in a liquid (temperature and pressure),
Vapour pressure of a liquid, Raoult’s law for both volatile and non volatile
solute,Ideal and non ideal solution, Colligative properties, abnormal molecular
masses and Van’t Hoff factor.
9
Chemical
bonding and Molecular Structure: Valence electrons and Lewis structures,
Ionic bond, Covalent bond, Bond parameters ,Co-ordinate bond, polarity and
dipole moment, Quantitative idea of – valence bond theory, molecular orbital
theory (LCAO), Concept of hybridization involving s, p, d orbitals, Hydrogen
bond, Resonance.
10.
Thermodynamics:Macroscopic
properties of the system, modes of transfer of energy between system and
surrounding, Phase transition, phase rule and phase diagram, First Law, second
law and third law, of thermodynamics. Internal energy and enthalpy of the
reaction, their measurement and application, spontaneity of process, Entropy
and spontaneity, Helmholtz and Gibb’s free energy, Thermodynamics of
electrochemical cells.
11.
Classification
of elements and periodicity in properties: Significance of classification, brief
history of the development of periodic table, periodic laws, name of the
elements with Z>100 according to IUPAC system, classification of elements
into s, p, d, f –block elements and their characteristics,
Periodic trends in the properties of elements – Ionization
enthalpy, Electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, atomic radii, ionic radii,
periodicity of valency or oxidation state.
12.
Hydrogen:Position
of Hydrogen in periodic table, occurrence, isotopes, Preparation of hydrogen,
on small and commercial scale, hydrides, water, hard and soft water, heavy
water, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen economy, hydrogen as a fuel.
13.
General
principles and processes of isolation of elements and s – block elements: Principles
and methods of extraction, oxidation and reduction as applied to the extraction
procedures of Al, Cu, Zn and Fe. s – block elements, general introduction –
Electronic configuration, occurrence, Anomalous properties of the first element
of each group, diagonal relationship, Trends in variation of the properties,
reaction of alkali and alkaline earth metals. Preparation and properties and
uses of some important compounds: - sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate,
sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate,
industrial uses of lime and lime stone, biological importance of sodium,
potassium, magnesium and calcium.
14.
p – Block
Elements: Electronic configuration, variation in physical and chemical
properties of groups 13 to 18, physical and chemical properties of borax, boric
acid, boron hydride, silicones, preparation and uses, preparation, properties
and uses of nitrogen, ammonia, nitric acid and oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus –
allotropic forms, preparation and properties of phosphine,phosphorus
pentachloride and phosphorus trichloride, preparation, properties and uses of
oxygen and ozone, hydrides and halides of 16 group elements, their structure
and nature,allotropic forms of sulphur- their preparation, preparation,
properties and uses of sulphur dioxide, industrial preparation of oxo-acids of
sulphur, preparation and properties of halogen and halogen acids, inter halogen
compounds, pseudohalide ions. Oxo-acids of halogens, their structure and
nature, preparation, properties and uses of xenon fluorides, oxides of xenon and
xenon oxo fluorides.
15.
The d –
and f- Block Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration and
general trend in the properties of first row transition metals like metallic
character, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, coloured ion
formation, catalytic properties, magnetic properties, oxides, halides and
sulphides of first row transition metals, complex compound formation etc.
Preparation, properties and structures of KMnO4 and K2Cr2 O7, lanthanoids and
actinoids.
16.
Co-ordination
Compounds and organometallics: Meaning of co-ordination compounds, Werner’s
theory, ligands – their types, IUPAC nomenclature of co- ordination compounds,
isomerism, bonding in co-ordination compounds, colour, magnetic properties and,
stabilities of co-ordination compounds. Chemical and biological importance of
coordination compounds, metal carbonyls: preparation, properties and bonding,
organometallic compounds and their classification.
17.
Organic
Chemistry : Some Basic Principles and Techniques: General Classification of
organic compounds, Shapes of organic compounds-Hybridisation(sp, sp2,sp3),
Structural representation of organic molecules, Functional groups, Homologous,
series. Common or trivial names, nomenclature of aliphatic, aromatic and substituted
aromatic compounds.
Isomerism : Structural
and Stereo isomerism Fundamental
Concepts in Reaction Mechanism: Cleavage of covalent bond, Types of
attacking species, electron movement in organic reactions, electronic
displacement in a covalent bond and types of organic reactions.
Methods of purification of organic compounds: Qualitative analysis,
Quantitative analysis., estimation of the elements and
determination of empirical and molecular formula.
18. Hydrocarbons: Classification
of hydrocarbons.
Alkanes: Conformations
(Newmann and Sawhorse formulae), Physical properties,
Chemical reactions
Cycloalkanes: Preparation,
physical and chemical properties, stability of cycloalkanes(Bayer strain
theory), chair and boat forms of cyclohexane. Alkenes:, structure of double bond, geometrical isomerism, physical
properties, methods of preparation, chemical reactions.
Alkadienes: Classification
of dienes, Preparation of conjugated dienes, Chemical properties(1,2 and 1,4-
addition to conjugated dienes).
Alkynes:,
structure of triple bond, physical properties, methods of preparation
Chemical properties, Acidic nature of alkynes
Aromatic
Hydrocarbons:, Structure of benzene, resonance, aromaticity (Huckel’s rule)
Chemical properties, mechanism of electrophilic substitution direct influence
of substituents in monosubustituted benzene.
19.
Environmental
Chemistry: Environmental pollution, Atmospheric pollution, Tropospheric
pollution(Air pollution), Major air pollutants, Control of air pollution,
Smog(Chemical and Photochemical smog), Stratospheric pollution: Ozone layer and
its depletion, Acid rain, Green House Effect and Global warming, Water
pollution, Soil pollution and Industrial waste.
20.
Haloalkanes
and Haloarenes: Classification, methods of preparation of haloalkanes and
haloarenes, their physical properties, tests to distinguish between alkyl and
aryl halides, mechanism of SN1 and SN2
reactions, elimination reactions (Saytzeff
Rule, E1 & E2 mechanism).Poly
halogen compounds: Preparation and properties.
21.
Alcohols,
Phenols and Ethers: Classification, preparation, properties and uses, tests
to distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Distinctions between alcohols and
phenols. Preparation of ethers , physical and chemical properties.
22.
Aldehydes,
Ketones and Carboxylic Acids: Structure of carbonyl group, preparation of
aldehydes and ketones, physical , Chemical properties and uses, tests to
distinguish between aldehydes and ketones .Preparations of carboxylic acids
preparation properties and uses.
23.
Amines
(Organic compounds containing nitrogen ): Classification, Structure of
amino group, preparation, Physical, Chemical properties, tests to distinguish
between primary, secondary and tertiary amines
24.
Polymers:
Polymerization, Classification of polymers based on : origin, structure,
molecular forces, mode of polymerization. Addition
polymerization Condensation polymerization(Step-growth polymerization) Preparation
of condensation polymers Synthetic and natural rubber and vulcanization,
Determination of molecular mass of polymers:. Poly dispersity index(PDI). Bio-degradable polymers like PHBV.
25. Biomolecules(Biochemistry):Carbohydrates:
Classification of carbohydrates ,
Structural
determination of glucose and fructose on the basis of their chemical
properties, Open chain (Fischer) structure, cyclic structure(Haworth form), and forms
of glucose, Mutarotation, anomers and epimers, Chemical reactions of
glucose, Reducing and non-reducing sugars, Configuration of glucose and
fructose. Disaccharides Sucrose, Haworth
representation of disaccharides, Polysaccharides, Starch, Cellulose, and
amylopectin structures, Functions of Carbohydrates in living organisms.
Carbohydrate metabolism, glycolysis, electron-transport chain,
Proteins: Amino
acids, Zwitter ion, Iso-electric point, peptides and peptide bond, Fibrous
proteins, Globular proteins and their functions, Primary, Secondary(Helix and
pleated sheet structures) and tertiary structure of proteins, denaturation and
renaturation, Enzymes, specificity and mechanism of enzyme activity ,
coenzymes, applications of enzymes.
Nucleic acids : Nucleosides,
Nucleotides, Structure of ATP, Photosynthesis(Light and dark reactions) Primary
and Secondary structure of DNA(Double Helix structure) , biological functions
of nucleic acids, Replication, Protein synthesis (Transcription, Translation,
mutation), genetic code, genetic errors, Vitamins, classification, diseases
caused by the deficiency of vitamins, Hormones (steroid hormones and
non-steroid hormones) and their functions.
26. Chemistry
in Everyday life: Drugs and medicines - designing a drug, drug metabolism,
classification of drugs, enzymes as drug targets, action of drug through drug
receptor interaction, types of drugs: Antipyretics, Analgesics, antiseptics,
disinfectants, tranquilizers, antimicrobials, antibiotics(Narrow spectrum and
broad spectrum antibiotics), antifertility drugs, antihistmmines, antacids.
Chemicals in food, Food preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, Soaps and
detergents, Preparation soaps(Saponification) and detergents, cleansing action
of soaps, advantages of detergents over soaps, Deodorants, Edible colours,
antioxidants.
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