Syllabus for written examination for PGT
(Physics)
Unit I: Physical World and Measurement
Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of
units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time
measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in
measurement; significant figures. dimensional analysis and its applications.
Unit II: Kinematics
Frame of reference. Motion in a one ,two and three
dimension: Position-time graph, speed and velocity.
Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and
instantaneous velocity.
Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time,
position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion .Vectors
:Position and displacement vectors .addition and subtraction of vectors.
Relative velocity.scalar product of vectors,Vector product of vectors. Unit vector;
Resolution of a vector in a plane - rectangular components. Motion in a plane.
Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion.
Unit III: Laws of Motion
Intuitive concept of force. Inertia, Newton’s first
law of motion; momentum and Newton’s second law of motion; impulse; Newton’s
third law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its
applications.
Equilibrium of concurrent forces. Types of friction, laws
of friction, .Dynamics of uniform circular motion .
Unit IV: Work, Energy and Power
Work done by a constant force and a variable force;
kinetic energy, work-energy theorem, power.
Notion of potential energy, potential energy of a
spring, conservative forces: conservation of mechanical energy (kinetic and
potential energies); non-conservative forces: elastic and inelastic collisions
in one and two dimensions.
Unit V: Motion of System of Particles and Rigid
Body
Centre of mass of a two-particle system, momentum
conversation and centre of mass motion. Centre of mass of a rigid body; centre
of mass of uniform rod. ; moment of a force, torque, angular momentum,
conservation of angular momentum with some examples.
Dynamics of rigid bodies, comparison of linear and
rotational motions; moment of inertia, radius of gyration.
Values of moments of inertia for geometrical objects.
Parallel and perpendicular axis theorems and their applications.
Unit VI: Gravitation
Keplar’s laws of planetary motion. The universal law of
gravitation.
Variation of Acceleration due to gravity and with
altitude,latitude and depth.
Gravitational potential energy; gravitational
potential. Escape velocity. Orbital velocity of a satellite. Geo-stationary
satellites.
Unit VII: Properties of Bulk Matter
Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s
law,modulus of elasticity . Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and
its applications
Viscosity, Stokes’ law, terminal velocity, Reynold’s
number, streamline and turbulent flow. Bernoulli’s theorem and its
applications.
Surface energy and surface tension, application of
surface tension ideas to drops, bubbles and capillary rise.
Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat -
calorimetry; change of state - latent heat.
Heat transfer-conduction, convection and radiation,
thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling.
Unit VIII: Thermodynamics
Thermal equilibrium and definition of temperature
(zeroth law of thermodynamics). Heat, work and internal energy. First law of
thermodynamics.
Second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible
processes. Heat engines and refrigerators.carnot cycle and carnot’s theorem.
Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on
compressing a gas.
Kinetic theory of gases ,degrees of freedom, law of
equipartition of energy and application to specific heats of gases; concept of
mean free path, Avogadro’s number.
Unit IX: Oscillations and Waves
Periodic motion - period, frequency, displacement as a
function of time. Periodic functions.Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its
equation; phase; oscillations of a spring– restoring force and force constant;
energy in S.H.M.-kinetic and potential energies; simple pendulum–derivation of
expression for its time period; free, forced and damped oscillations,
resonance.
Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of
wave motion. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of
superposition of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and
organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats, Doppler effect.
Unit X: Electrostatics
Electric Charges; Conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law and
its application,force between two point charges, forces between multiple
charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric
field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric
dipole, electric field due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in uniform electric
field.
Gauss’s theorem and its applications
Electric potential, potential difference, electric
potential due to a dipole and system of charges; equipotential surfaces,
electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric
dipole in an electrostatic field.
Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound
charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and electric polarisation, capacitors
and capacitance, combination of capacitors, capacitance of a parallel plate
capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored
in a capacitor. Van de Graaff generator.
Unit XI: Current Electricity
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a
metallic conductor, drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric
current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and
non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and
conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and
parallel combinations of resistors; temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf
of a cell, combination of cells in series and in parallel.
Kirchhoff’s laws and its applications.. Potentiometer
- principle and its applications Thermal and chemical effect of current.
Unit XII: Magnetic Effects of Current and
Magnetism
Biot - Savart law and its application
Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long
straight wire, straight and toroidal solenoids.
Lorentz’s force. Cyclotron,synchrotron.
Interaction of a current-carrying conductor with
magnetic field. Force between two parallel current-carrying conductors. Torque
experienced by a current
loop in uniform magnetic field and its application;
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole
moment. Magnetic dipole momentof a revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity
due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its
axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic field; bar
magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field
and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro - magnetic substances, with
examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent
magnets.
Unit XIII: Electromagnetic Induction and
Alternating Currents
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and
current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance.
Need for displacement current.
Alternating currents and its measurement reactance and
impedance; LC oscillations, LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC
circuits,. generator , motors and transformer.
UnitXIV: Optics
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror
formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection and its applications,
optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula,
lens-maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin
lenses in contact. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism.
Scattering of light and its application.
Optical instruments: Human eye-eye defects and its
correction. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes and their magnifying
powers.
Wave optics: wave front and Huygens’ principle, reflection
and refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts. Proof of
laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle. Interference,
Young’s double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent
sources and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit,
width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical
telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light; Brewster’s law, uses of plane
polarised light and Polaroids.
Unit XV: Modern Physics
Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect, Hertz and
Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation-particle nature of
light. Compton effect, deffraction of X- rays ,Bragg’s law ,Hall effect.
Matter waves-wave nature of particles, de Broglie
relation. Davisson-Germer experiment. Alpha-particle scattering experiment;
Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum.
Composition and size of nucleus, packing fraction and
magnetic moment, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones.
Radioactivity-alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties;
radioactive decay law.
Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per
nucleon and its variation with mass number; liquid drop model of nucleus, nuclear
fission and fusion.,critical mass ,chain reaction and fission reaction,
ionization chamber,Geiger counter and scinitillation counter,linear
accelerator.
Unit XVI: Electronic Devices
Semiconductors; semiconductor diode – I-V
characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier; I-V
characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as
a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of
a transistor; transistor as an amplifier (common emitter configuration) and
oscillator. Logic gates and its combination. Transistor as a switch.
PGT
TGT
OFFICIAL WEBSITE
