Syllabus for written examination for PGT
(Biology)
Diversity of living world
Taxonomic aids, keys, specimen management ; Systematic and
binomial system of nomenclature; Classification of living organisms( five
kingdom classification, major groups and principles of classification within
each group) ; General description of monera, protozoa, fungi, algae,
bryophytes, pteridophyes, gymnosperms, angiosperms ( major groups of angiosperms
upto sub class) ; Botanical gardens ,herbaria, zoological parks and museums
.Salient features of animal ( nonchordates up to phylum level and chordates up
to class level).
Structural organisation in plants and animals
Morphology, Anatomy and histology of angiosperms: Root ,
stem , leaf, flower , inflorescence, fruits and seeds, Tissues : Meristamatic
and permanent ( epidermal, ground, vascular). Cambial activity, secondary
growth, type of wood. Animal tissues ; Morphology, Anatomy and histology of
annelids , insects , amphibians.
Structural and functional organization of cell
Cell cycle , detailed study of Cell division (mitosis ,
meiosis) ; Cell death ; Structure and function( metabolism) of carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids and nucleic acids ; Enzymology : Classification and
nomenclature of enzymes ; Structure ; Mechanism of action, single substrate and
bisubstrate enzyme ; Activators and inhibitors of enzymes ; Factors affecting
the activity of enzymes.
Plant physiology
Water relations: Properties of water, water in tissues and
cells, Transport of water and solutes( food, nutrients, gases) : Transport
across cell membrane ; soil-plant-atmosphere continuum ; Minerals required by
plant, their absorbable form, functions, deficiency symptoms, essentiality of
mineral, N2 metabolism, biological fixation ; Cellular Metabolism:
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis, hormonal regulation ;
Oxidation of food, respiratory efficiency of various food components ;
transport and detoxification of ammonia , Lipid Metabolism ; Photosynthesis:
Basic principles of light absorption, excitation energy transfer, electron
transports, cycles ( C2 , C3, C4, CAM ), plant productivity, measurement of
photosynthetic parameters ; Physiological responses to abiotic stresses ;
Sensory photobiology ; Plant growth regulators : Growth ,differentiation /
de-differentiation and re-differentiation, development ; Physiological affects
and mechanism of action of plant growth hormones, Flowering : Photoperiodism
and its significance, endogenous clock and its regulation, floral induction and
development, vernalisation ; Plant movements.
Human biology
Morphology, Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, Control and
Disorders of Digestion, Respiration, Body fluids and Circulation, Excretion, Skeleton system &
muscle, Nervous; Physiology of high altitude.
Sexual Reproduction
Plants: Structural
details of angiospermic flower, development of gametophytes, pollination
and its types, agencies of pollination, pollen- pistil
interaction, fertilization, Artificial hybridization (emasculation and bagging)
development of seed and fruit ; Apomixis and Polyembryony ; Self
incompatibility: Structural and biochemical aspects; methods to overcome
incompatibility; Experimental Embryology; Human Reproduction: Morphology, Anatomy, Histology and
Physiology of reproduction ; Neuro-endocrine control ; Sexual behavior in infancy, pre-adolescence, adolescence and of
adult ; Implantation, Pregnancy and Parturition ; Mammary gland and Lactation ;
Infantile mammary gland, pubertal changes in mammary gland; Structure of adult
mammary gland, galactopoiesis, milk let down ;
Menopause. Senescence – Impact of
age on reproduction.Foetal and Embryonic Gonads and Genital ducts ;Hormonal
basis of sex differentiation ; Disorders of sexual differentiation development
;Reproductive Health: Problems and
strategies, Population explosion –causes and effects, birth control measures-
natural methods, physical / barrier, bio-chemical, hormonal, immunological,
surgical methods, IUD’s , amniocentesis, female feticide, MMR, IMR, MTP, STD’s,
infertility Disorders of female and female reproductive systems – Sexual
dysfunction; Infertility – Causes and curative measures ; Reproductive
toxicology of environmental and industrial chemicals, drug and alcohol
;Medically assisted human reproductive technologies, GIFT, IUT, ZIFT, TET ;
Embryo culture.
Genetics
Principles of Inheritance and Variation: Mendelian
genetics, Inheritance of one gene, two genes, post mendelian inheritance;
Recombination frequency, chromosomal theory of inheritance ; Drosophila
genetics, linkage and recombinations ; Mutation :General properties of
mutations ; Adaptation versus mutation ; molecular basis of gene mutation : DNA
repair mechanisms ; Pedigree analysis ; Human karyotype-banding ; genetic and
environmental basis of sex determination, Y- and X-linked genes; Numerical and
Structural abnormalities of human chromosomes and related syndromes ; Human
metabolic disorders.;Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Chemical nature of DNA and RNA, Biological functions of nucleic
acids ; Search for genetic material, RNA world ; Replication ; Transcription
and processing of RNA, Genetic code ; Translation, post-translational
modifications ; Ribosomes and Proteins ; Regulation of Gene expression ; DNA
Fingerprinting ; Gene mapping ; Chromosome banding; Restriction enzyme,
nucleotide sequence comparisons and homologies ; Molecular clocks ; Genetics in
modern agriculture ,animal breeding, medicine, human behaviour ; Misuse of
genetics ; Genetic Counseling ; Gene therapy ; HGP ; Gene Activity in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes ; Signals for gene control – Hormones and growth
factors ; Totipotency & Pleuripotency ; Stem cell and Gene therapy ;
Bacterial transformation, transduction and conjugation, Bacterial chromosome
; Bacteriophages : Types, structure and morphology
;Evolutionary biology: Cosmic evolution –
Physical basis of life ; Theories of origin of life ;
Origin of life through biochemical evolution ;
Experimental evidences for origin of life ; The origin of
natural selection ; Extraterrestrial life ; Evolution of the eukaryotic cell :
Evolution of the Metazoa ; Evolution of chordata and the evolution of the major
vertebrate classes; Origin and evolution of man : Population Genetics; Genetic
variations ; Polymorphism ; Gene frequency; Hardy Weinberg equilibrium ;
Genetic drift, founder effect ; adaptive radiations, ecological significance of
molecular variations.
Biology in Human welfare
Health and disease ; types of diseases, common diseases in
humans ; Immunology – Innate and Acquired immunity ; Passive and active
immunization ; Organization and structure of lymphoid organ ; Cells of the
immune system and their differentiation ; Lymphocyte traffic ; Nature of immune
response ; Structure and Functions of antibodies : Antigen-Antibody
interactions ; Humoral immune response ; Cell mediated immunity ; Immunological
memory ; Auto-immunity ; Allergies; HLA system in human :MHC
haplotypes ; Transplantation types and problems ; Immunodeficiency disorders
;etiology of HIV ; types, genetics and biochemistry of cancer ; Drugs and
alcohol abuse, Addiction , drug dependence, ill effects, prevention, its abuse
in adolescents and its management;Strategies for food production and
enhancement: Animal husbandry, management of farm animals, breeding strategies
( natural and artificial) and their types, economic importance of each ; Plant
breeding, method of release of new variety, HYV of common cereals and pulses,
bio-fortification, SCP ; Tissue culturing, somatic hybridization;Microbes in
Human Welfare: Technology associated
and use of Microbes in household, industries, medicine, bio-active molecules,
sewage treatment and STP, Ganga and Yamuna action plan, biogas production,
biocontrol agents, biofertilizers.
Principles of Biotechnology
Genetic engineering tools and technique, technique of
separation and isolation of DNA, cloning vectors ,electrophoresis, bio
reactors, processing of its products. Tissue engineering ; Cryopreservation ;
Fusion methods, detection and applications of monoclonal antibodies, DNA
vaccines, Edible vaccines.;Application in agriculture : GMO for pest resistance,
RNAi and dsRNA technology,Application in Medicine, genetically engineered
products, gene therapy. Molecular diagnosis : serum and urine analysis, PCR,
ELISA ; Transgenic animals : their physiology, biological products and their
use for testing the safety of vaccine and chemicals ; Bioethics issues ;
biopyracy.
Ecology
Organism and its environment, distribution of biomes, major
physical factors and the physiological responses shown by organisms ; Physical
adaptation of plants and animals, rules governing adaptations ; Population
attributes and growth, logistic curves, Darwinian fitness ; Population
interactions and their theories ; Ecosystem structure and functions, ecosystem
productivity and standing crop, decomposition in nature, energy flow in GFC /
DFC, ecological pyramids, succession of community ; Nutrient cycle ; ecosystem
services ; Biodiversity types and its patterns, importance of diversity, its
loss and their causes, conservation strategies ; Environmental issues : Types
of pollution, their indicators, causes, effects, prevention and treatment ;
Deforestation, recommended forestation, reforestation, case studies of people’s
participation in conservation.
PGT
TGT
OFFICIAL WEBSITE
