2. Write a note on the liberal conception of the State. What was the Gandhian perspective on the State. 20
Whether the theory is liberal or conservative that is not our prime concern, concern is if the state is liberal —to what extent and in which fashion the state adopts liberal methods and processes for the administration and enactment of laws. Liberalism, in a sense, means to shun conservativeness or avoid restrictions in policy making, enactment and administration of state
How shall we explain the liberal state? It is not easy to give a precise definition of “liberal” because in different periods of history the term has been used in different senses and no one sense/meaning is final. Very often “neo”, “classical”, “modern” are prefixed before liberal and this process changes the meaning of liberal. The liberal state is, however, one that adopts liberal principles, policies and methods..
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3. What are the contemporary challenges to democracy? 20
important challenges to contemporary democracy are as follows:
1. Development
2. Diversity
3. Gender
4. Globalisation
1. Development The slow pace of development in India is sometimes attributed to its adoption of democracy, while the developmental successes of the East Asian economies are attributed to their lack of democracy.
However, the comparative studies undertaken by scholars present mixed results and do not conclusively establish either that democracy inhibits development or that it facilitates it. Background historical conditions, the nature of economy and society, significantly affect developmental outcomes.
Logically, to the extent that people have the right to make claims upon the state and to insist that the state be responsive to their needs, democracy is potentially a powerful weapon against poverty and deprivation.
If the poor in developing democratic societies have failed to use this weapon effectively, this should be blamed not on democracy per se, but attributed to the concentration of economic and social power that predisposes the state to act in ways that are biased in favour of dominant classes and social forces.
So defined, development should make political participation more meaningful, even as democracy provides channels through which people can press their claims for development upon the state.
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4. Discuss in brief different views on transition from feudalism to capitalism. 20
Different views the transition to capitalism
The increase in long-distance trade Long-distance trade is considered to be one of the prime factors in the transition from feudalism to capitalism by economists like Paul Sweezy. Hunt counter argues that increased agricultural output and productivity provided surplus food and raw materials for handicrafts. It also led to the rapid growth of towns and freed workforce for the manufacturing sector. In due course, while reducing the wage goods constraint, the changes in the agricultural sector, freed the workforce from agriculture. The additional workforce and increased output of raw material provided a growth impetus to the industrial sector. All these were prerequisites for long distance trade.
Hunt further argues in both the young as well as the matured feudal states, trade did not lead to the dissolution of the manorial system. In the young feudal states trade was subordinate to the manors and in the mature systems the signs of weakening of the feudal ties started appearing much before trade became an integral part of Western Europe. In the latter states increased agricultural output could not keep pace with the increased size of the aristocratic families which strained the relationship between feudal lords and serfs. In this situation, trade had only expedited the fall of the feudal mode of production.
Hunt (04) argued that even in the earlier part of the feudalism trade flourished in northern and southern Europe, while the rest of Europe had a feudal system. He states that the holy crusades from France were also the outcome of its internal forces. They worked as a safety valve against its domestic unrest.
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